Inflammation has been reported to be intimately linked to the development or worsening of
several non-infectious diseases. A number of chronic conditions such as cancer, diabetes …

With the endothelium as its central unit, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex
multicellular structure separating the central nervous system (CNS) from the systemic …

It is uncontested that perivascular spaces play critical roles in maintaining homeostasis and
priming neuroinflammation. However, despite more than a century of intense research on …

The concept of the CNS as an immune-privileged organ has led to a common
misunderstanding that it is not an active immunological organ, guarded from its …

Background Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ 1) is strongly induced following brain
injury and polarises microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Augmentation of TGFβ 1 …

Background Brain inflammation plays a key role in neurological disease. Although much
research has been conducted investigating inflammatory events in animal models, potential …

Brain metastases are devastating complications of cancer. The blood–brain barrier (BBB),
which protects the normal brain, morphs into an inadequately characterized blood–tumor …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) affect more than 50 million people worldwide, posing
a significant global health challenge as well as a high socioeconomic burden. With aging …

The term “glymphatic” emerged roughly a decade ago, marking a pivotal point in
neuroscience research. The glymphatic system, a glial-dependent perivascular network …

The involvement of central and peripheral inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis
of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated. The increase of pro …