Since Hilary Putnam offered multiple realization as an empirical hypothesis in the 1960s,
philosophical consensus has turned against the idea that mental processes could be …

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Reductionism encompasses a set of ontological, epistemological, and methodological
claims about the relations between different scientific domains. The basic question of …

Levels of organization are structures in nature, frequently identified by part-whole
relationships, with things at higher levels being composed of things at the next lower level …

In recent years, the debate on the problem of causal exclusion has seen an 'interventionist
turn'. Numerous non‐reductive physicalists (eg S hapiro and S ober 2007) have argued that …

There is a growing consensus among philosophers of science that scientific endeavors of
understanding the human mind or the brain exhibit explanatory pluralism. Relatedly, several …

Despite the ubiquity of “levels of organization” in the scientific literature, a nascent “levels
skepticism” now claims that the concept of levels is an inherently flawed, misleading, or …

Background With the emergence of high-throughput technologies, Big Data and eScience,
the use of online data repositories and the establishment of new data standards that require …

The notion of reduction continues to play a key role in philosophy of mind and philosophy of
cognitive science. Supporters of reductionism claim that psychological properties or …

The philosophical debate on reduction and emergence commonly springs from the division
of domains (and subdomains) correlated with the sciences, such as biological domains (eg …