The current understanding of lactate extends from its origins as a byproduct of glycolysis to
its role in tumor metabolism, as identified by studies on the Warburg effect. The lactate …

The analogy of mitochondria as powerhouses has expired. Mitochondria are living, dynamic,
maternally inherited, energy-transforming, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles that …

The mitochondrial electron transport chain utilizes a series of electron transfer reactions to
generate cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. A consequence of electron …

Mitophagy is an essential mitochondrial quality control mechanism that eliminates damaged
mitochondria and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The relationship …

Mitochondria are bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles that are integral in
stress sensing to allow for cellular adaptation to the environment. Therefore, it is not …

The unique physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles have recently gained
increasing attention in a diverse set of applications, particularly in the biomedical field …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the vascular system and is the leading
cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen …

Researches dedicated to reactive oxygen species (ROS) had been performed for decades,
yet the outcomes remain controversial. With the relentless effort of studies, researchers have …

The excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairment of defensive
antioxidant systems leads to a condition known as oxidative stress. The main source of free …

Mitochondria, which play central roles in immunometabolic diseases, have their own
genome. However, the functions of mitochondria-located noncoding RNAs are largely …