Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by recurrent,
spontaneous, and unpredictable seizures. It is one of the most common neurological …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a physiological barrier maintaining a specialized brain
micromilieu that is necessary for proper neuronal function. Endothelial tight junctions and …

Autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) presents with new-onset mesial temporal lobe
seizures, progressive memory disturbance, and other behavioral and cognitive changes …

Objective The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is comprised of cannabinoid receptors 1 and
2 (CB1R and CB2R), endogenous ligands, and regulatory enzymes, and serves to regulate …

Background Increasing evidence supports the role of soluble inflammatory mediators in the
pathogenesis of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is a …

Neuroinflammation is probably one of the factors involved in drug resistance in people with
epilepsy. Finding peripheral markers reflecting the intensity of neuroinflammation could be …

Patients with focal epilepsy of unknown cause (FEoUC) may display T cell infiltration in post-
surgery brain specimens and increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines …

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE‐HS) is characterized by its
well‐defined clinical profile. Limbic encephalitis is increasingly recognized as a possible …

The aim of this study was to better understand the imaging features of drug-resistant
epilepsy (DRE), especially in idiopathic generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS), as well as …

Introduction One of the unknown mechanisms in epilepsy pathogenesis is the involvement
of the hypothalamic neuropeptide orexin. Although the relationship between orexin and …