This study highlights the potential of fine-tuned ChatGPT (GPT-3.5) for automatically scoring
student written constructed responses using example assessment tasks in science …

National educational standards stress the importance of science and mathematics learning
for today's students. However, across disciplines, students frequently struggle to meet …

In recent years, there has been a strong push to transform STEM education at K‐12 and
collegiate levels to help students learn to think like scientists. One aspect of this …

Energy is a central concept across the sciences and an important goal of science education
is to support all students so that they develop a full understanding of the energy concept …

Learning progressions (LPs) are cognitive models that describe the development of
scientific knowledge and practices in students. They are constructed based on learning …

In the spirit of model revision, researchers continue to refine the notion of a learning
progression. Despite many advances in learning progressions research, one key design …

Vision and Change challenged biology instructors to develop evidence-based instructional
approaches that were grounded in the core concepts and competencies of biology. This call …

As models of how students' thinking may change over time, learning progressions (LPs)
have been considered as supports for teachers' classroom assessment practices. However …

Learning progressions describe how students can explain a concept at successive levels of
increasing sophistication based on coherent ideas, instruction, and prior experiences. Most …

In this article, we report on a three-pronged effort to create a hypothetical learning
progression for quantification in science. First, we drew from history and philosophy of …