BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or
'engram cells') and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical …

The ability to form precise, episodic memories develops with age, with young children only
able to form gist-like memories that lack precision. The cellular and molecular events in the …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

Tau is a developmentally regulated axonal protein that stabilizes and bundles microtubules
(MTs). Its hyperphosphorylation is thought to cause detachment from MTs and subsequent …

The amygdala has long been associated with emotion and motivation, playing an essential
part in processing both fearful and rewarding environmental stimuli. How can a single …

Learned fear often relapses after extinction, suggesting that extinction training generates a
new memory that coexists with the original fear memory; however, the mechanisms …

The idea that memory is stored in the brain as physical alterations goes back at least as far
as Plato, but further conceptualization of this idea had to wait until the 20 th century when …

The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has emerged as a central integrator linking the
perception of external and internal stimuli to distinct neurophysiological and behavioural …