Humans are exposed to micro-and-nano plastics (MNPs) through various routes, but the
adverse health effects of MNPs on different organ systems are not yet fully understood. This …

The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream
components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely …

The RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates diverse cellular processes as exemplified
by cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Activation of ERK1/2 generally …

Inflammation is strictly associated with cancer and plays a key role in tumor development
and progression. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that inflammation can …

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly
upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer …

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by
uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Malignant cell …

The RAS-ERK pathway is a fundamental signaling cascade crucial for many biological
processes including proliferation, cell cycle control, growth, and survival; common across all …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway, often known as the RAS-RAF-MEK-
ERK signal cascade, functions to transmit upstream signals to its downstream effectors to …

The extracellular matrix regulates tissue development and homeostasis, and its
dysregulation contributes to neoplastic progression. The extracellular matrix serves not only …

Cancer is currently the second leading cause of death globally and is expected to be
responsible for approximately 9.6 million deaths in 2018. With an unprecedented …