Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be
described by a local SU (3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers” …

Glueballs, hybrids and multiquark states are predicted as bound states in models guided by
quantum chromo dynamics (QCD), by QCD sum rules or QCD on a lattice. Estimates for the …

A survey of the experimental, phenomenological, and theoretical status of the new heavy
mesons is presented. States discussed are the Bc, hc, ηc′, Ds (2317), Ds (2460), X (3872) …

The composite nature of baryons manifests itself in the existence of a rich spectrum of
excited states, in particular in the important mass region 1–2 GeV for the light-flavoured …

About 120 baryons and baryon resonances are known, from the abundant nucleon with u
and d light-quark constituents up to the Ξ b−=(bsd), which contains one quark of each …

This review treats the advances in Light Baryon Spectroscopy of the last two decades, which
were mainly obtained by measuring meson-production reactions at photon facilities all over …

In this review we summarize and amplify recent investigations of coupled quantum
dynamical systems with few degrees of freedom in the short-wavelength, semiclassical limit …

The effective restoration of SU (2) L× SU (2) R and U (1) A chiral symmetries of QCD in
excited hadrons is reviewed. While the low-lying hadron spectrum is mostly shaped by the …

We investigate a linear sigma model with global chiral U (2) R× U (2) L symmetry. The
mesonic degrees of freedom are the standard scalar and pseudoscalar mesons and the …

We elaborate how to construct interweaving chiral spirals in (2+ 1) dimensions, defined as a
superposition of chiral spirals oriented in different directions. We divide a two-dimensional …