Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by tissue-specific insulin resistance and
pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which result from the interplay of local abnormalities within …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy occurring in reproductive-
age women. Hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries, chronic anovulation, and metabolic …

Peptide therapeutics have played a notable role in medical practice since the advent of
insulin therapy in the 1920s. Over 60 peptide drugs are approved in the United States and …

The liver is crucial for the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis—it produces glucose
during fasting and stores glucose postprandially. However, these hepatic processes are …

Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This
multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose …

Clear evidence indicates that cytokines, for instance, adipokines, hepatokines, inflammatory
cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, contribute substantially to the development of …

Adipose, skeletal, and hepatic muscle tissues are the main endocrine organs that produce
adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. These biomarkers can be harmful or beneficial to …

Glucose and fatty acids are the major sources of energy for human body. Cholesterol, the
most abundant sterol in mammals, is a key component of cell membranes although it does …

Asprosin is a recently discovered fasting-induced hormone that promotes hepatic glucose
production. Here we demonstrate that asprosin in the circulation crosses the blood–brain …

The initial discovery that ob/ob mice become obese because of a recessive mutation of the
leptin gene has been crucial to discover the melanocortin pathway to control appetite. In the …