the primary analysis is unfortunately common. In early phase studies in a pandemic, little is
known for certain, and it seems biologically plausible that treating patients earlier could be …

Misuse of statistics in medical and sports science research is common and may lead to
detrimental consequences to healthcare. Many authors, editors and peer reviewers of …

Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common debilitating injury that can
cause instability of the knee. We aimed to investigate the best management strategy …

Randomized controlled trials and Mendelian randomization studies are two study designs
that provide randomized evidence in human biological and medical research. Both exploit …

Importance Complete information in a trial protocol regarding study outcomes is crucial for
obtaining regulatory approvals, ensuring standardized trial conduct, reducing research …

Randomised controlled trials commonly use surrogate endpoints to substitute for a target
outcome (outcome of direct interest and relevance to trial participants, clinicians, and other …

Adaptive designs (ADs) allow pre-planned changes to an ongoing trial without
compromising the validity of conclusions and it is essential to distinguish pre-planned from …