Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and deadliest of the primary brain tumors,
characterized by malignant growth, invasion into the brain parenchyma, and resistance to …

Abstract ABSTRACT: Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF1R) is a receptor tyrosine
kinase that controls the differentiation and maintenance of most tissue-resident …

Macrophages are the most important phagocytes in vivo. However, the tumor
microenvironment can affect the function and polarization of macrophages and form tumor …

During tumorigenesis, tumors must evolve to evade the immune system and do so by
disrupting the genes involved in antigen processing and presentation or up-regulating …

Exosomes, the cell-derived small extracellular vehicles, play a vital role in intracellular
communication by reciprocally transporting DNA, RNA, bioactive protein, chains of glucose …

During mammalian embryonic development, primary cilia transduce and regulate several
signaling pathways. Among the various pathways, Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is one of the most …

Myeloid cells comprise the majority of immune cells in tumors, contributing to tumor growth
and therapeutic resistance. Incomplete understanding of myeloid cells response to tumor …

Background Medulloblastoma (MB) is a heterogeneous disease in which neoplastic cells
and associated immune cells contribute to disease progression. We aimed to determine the …

Diffuse midline glioma (DMG), formerly called diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), is a
high-grade malignant pediatric brain tumor with a near-zero survival rate. To date, only …

Medulloblastoma (MB) is a highly malignant cerebellar tumor predominantly diagnosed
during childhood. Driven by pathogenic activation of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, SHH …