The term B-factor, sometimes called the Debye–Waller factor, temperature factor, or atomic
displacement parameter, is used in protein crystallography to describe the attenuation of X …

Enzyme immobilization often achieves reusable biocatalysts with improved operational
stability and solvent resistance. However, these modifications are generally associated with …

The amino acid sequence of a protein affects both its structure and its function. Thus, the
ability to modify the sequence, and hence the structure and activity, of individual proteins in …

Flexible sites are potential targets for engineering the stability of enzymes. Nevertheless, the
success rate of the rigidifying flexible sites (RFS) strategy is still low due to a limited …

Directed evolution has emerged as a powerful strategy to engineer various properties of
proteins. Traditional methods to construct libraries such as error-prone PCR and DNA …

Unspecific peroxygenase (UPO) represents a new type of heme-thiolate enzyme with self-
sufficient mono (per) oxygenase activity and many potential applications in organic …

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of many natural
products and in the human metabolism of numerous pharmaceuticals. This has inspired …

Enzymes are the natural catalysts that execute biochemical reactions upholding life. Their
natural effectiveness has been fine-tuned as a result of millions of years of natural evolution …

Directed evolution has matured to a routinely applied algorithm to tailor enzyme properties
to meet the demands in various applications. In order to free directed enzyme evolution from …

Highlights•Optimization plateaus are common when engineering enzymes for higher
catalytic efficiency.•These plateaus relate to fundamental properties of evolutionary fitness …