Coastal global oceans are expected to undergo drastic changes driven by climate change
and increasing anthropogenic pressures in coming decades. Predicting specific future …

Summary 1 Top‐down control can be an important determinant of ecosystem structure and
function, but in oceanic ecosystems, where cascading effects of predator depletions …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …

Trophic cascades—the top-down regulation of ecosystems by predators—are an essential
aspect of ecosystem function and well-being. Trophic cascades are often drastically …

Biodiversity is globally recognised as a cornerstone of healthy ecosystems, and biodiversity
conservation is increasingly becoming one of the important aims of environmental …

Hypoxia, a growing worldwide problem, has been intermittently present in the modern Baltic
Sea since its formation ca. 8000 cal. yr BP. However, both the spatial extent and intensity of …

We review the scientific literature, especially from the past decade, on the impacts of human
activities on the Antarctic environment. A range of impacts has been identified at a variety of …

In this review we detail the impact of climate change on marine productivity, on marine
environmental stochasticity and cyclicity, and on the spatio-temporal match–mismatch of …

Marine ecosystems such as the Baltic Sea are currently under strong atmospheric and
anthropogenic pressure. Besides natural and human‐induced changes in climate, major …

Marine biodiversity plays an important role in providing the ecosystem functions and
services which humans derive from the oceans. Understanding how this provisioning will …