The metabolically hostile tumour microenvironment imposes barriers to tumour-infiltrating
immune cells and impedes durable clinical remission following immunotherapy. Metabolic …

Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has greatly improved
the clinical efficacy of malignant tumor therapy. ICI-mediated antitumor responses depend …

The balance of programmed death-1 (PD-1)-expressing CD8+ T cells and regulatory T
(Treg) cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) determines the clinical efficacy of PD-1 …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, although vital for immune homeostasis, also represent a major
barrier to anti-cancer immunity, as the tumour microenvironment (TME) promotes the …

Hypoxia is prevalent in human tumours and contributes to microenvironments that shape
cancer evolution and adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. Historically, two different …

Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, and develops because of the rapid growth of
the tumor that outstrips the oxygen supply, and impaired blood flow due to the formation of …

The adoptive transfer of T cells that are engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors
(CARs) has shown remarkable success in treating B cell malignancies but only limited …

The desirable curative effect in clinical immunotherapy has been challenging due to the
immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) with high lactic acid (LA) metabolism in …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been approved for use in patients with B cell
malignancies or relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma, yet efficacy against most solid …

Clinical immunotherapy of solid tumors elicits durable responses only in a minority of
patients, largely due to the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) …