Sleep is crucial for healthy cognition, including memory. The two main phases of sleep, REM
(rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep, are associated with characteristic …

Tethered and battery-powered devices that interface with neural tissues can restrict natural
motions and prevent social interactions in animal models, thereby limiting the utility of these …

In vivo two-photon calcium imaging (2PCI) is a technique used for recording neuronal
activity in the intact brain. It is based on the principle that, when neurons fire action …

Optogenetics ushered in a revolution in how neuroscientists interrogate brain function.
Because of technical limitations, the majority of optogenetic studies have used low spatial …

The goal of computer-generated holography (CGH) is to synthesize custom illumination
patterns by modulating a coherent light beam. CGH algorithms typically rely on iterative …

The large number of ion channels found in all nervous systems poses fundamental
questions concerning how the characteristic intrinsic properties of single neurons are …

Neuronal networks with strong recurrent connectivity provide the brain with a powerful
means to perform complex computational tasks. However, high-gain excitatory networks are …

We developed a flexible two-photon microendoscope (2P-FENDO) capable of all-optical
brain investigation at near cellular resolution in freely moving mice. The system performs fast …

Many theories of brain function propose that activity in sparse subsets of neurons underlies
perception and action. To place a lower bound on the amount of neural activity that can be …

Optogenetic modulation of brain neural activity that combines optical and electrical modes in
a unitary neural system has recently gained robust momentum. Controlling illumination …