Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the caudal structures in brainstem
and spinal cord as far as they concern the motor system. It discusses a concept that …

Distinct classes of motor neurons and ventral interneurons are generated by the graded
signaling activity of Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Shh controls neuronal fate by establishing …

Study Design. Tissue blocks comprising muscle and bone from C5 to C7 segments were
harvested at autopsy from 16 individuals ranging in age from 4 to 77 years. The prevertebral …

A laminar cytoarchitectonic scheme of the cervical and upper thoracic segments of the rat
spinal cord is presented in which Rexed's principles for the cat are applied. The material …

Cortical networks undergo adaptations during learning, including increases in dendritic
complexity and spines. We hypothesized that structural elaborations during learning are …

Behavioral evidence reveals that the laboratory rat and other rodent species display skilled
paw and digit use in handling food during eating and skilled limb use in reaching for food in …

Cervical contusive trauma accounts for the majority, of human spinal cord injury (SCI), yet
experimental use of cervical contusion injury models has been limited. Considering that (1) …

References to histochemistry are extensive for human limb muscles but occur less frequently
in relation to vertebral muscle. Most vertebral muscle literature has been concerned with …

Rats can generate a rich array of forepaw and forelimb movements that are similar, although
not as complex, to those produced by human and non-human primates. When reaching for …

The breathing rhythm serves as a reference that paces orofacial motor actions and
orchestrates active sensing. Past work has reported that pacing occurs solely at a fixed …