There is a need for an inexpensive, reliable and fast monitoring tool to detect contaminants
in a short time, for quick mitigation of pollution sources and site remediation, and for …

Secondary disinfectants, such as chlorine and chloramine, have been widely applied to
minimise microbial risks in drinking water during distribution. Key challenges have included …

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) is a very promising alternative to
conventional antibiotics for the efficient inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms; this is …

Controlling disinfection by-products formation while ensuring effective drinking water
disinfection is important for protecting public health. However, understanding and predicting …

Biofilms are ubiquitous in the pipes of drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), and
recent experimental studies revealed that the chlorination of the microbial carbon associated …

The potential generation of trihalomethanes (THMs) during washing of vegetable products
as a consequence of the use of chlorine has become one of the main concerns for …

Possibility of human exposure to microplastics (MPs) in water environment has been
escalating, and subsequent challenges of MPs to biostability and biosafety in drinking water …

Pool water disinfection is vital to prevent microbial pathogens. However, potentially
hazardous disinfection by-products (DBP) are formed from the reaction between …

Chlorine residual plays a key role in determining the quality of treated water and
wastewater. One of the most critical factors affecting chlorine decay rates is flow and ambient …

Drawbacks of intermittent water supply system and inability to shift to continuous supply
mode is the main challenge in develo** countries. The suitability of the infrastructure laid …