Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme enzyme that catalyzes the
oxidation of L-tryptophan. Functionally, IDO1 has played a pivotal role in cancer immune …

Abstract l-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is involved in
the regulation of immunity, neuronal function and intestinal homeostasis. Imbalances in Trp …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, although vital for immune homeostasis, also represent a major
barrier to anti-cancer immunity, as the tumour microenvironment (TME) promotes the …

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that
regulates various biological processes, including proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis …

Lymphocytes maturing in the thymus (T cells) are key factors in adaptive immunity and the
regulation of inflammation. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism includes …

Small-molecule inhibitors of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) are emerging at the
vanguard of experimental agents in oncology. Here, pioneers of this new drug class provide …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenases (IDO1 and IDO2) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase
(TDO) are tryptophan catabolic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of tryptophan into …

Radiotherapy is widely exploited for the treatment of a large range of cancers in clinic, but its
therapeutic effectiveness is seriously crippled by the tumor immunosuppression, mainly …

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase 2 (TDO2) catalyze
the commitment step of the kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway. Traditionally the …

Abstract Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting metabolic enzyme that
converts the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) into downstream catabolites known as …