Antibodies, the most popular class of molecules providing molecular recognition needs for a
wide range of applications, have been around for more than three decades. As a result …

The breadth of structure and function displayed by the molecules of biology is remarkable.
Considering that there are only three major biopolymer backbones (proteins, ribonucleic …

Fluorescence spectroscopy, one of the most informative and sensitive analytical techniques,
has played and continues to play key roles in modern research. Indeed, unraveling the inner …

The choice of biosensing elements is crucial for the development of the optimal biosensor.
Three of the most versatile biosensing elements are antibody single-chain Fv fragments …

Recent advancements in the creation of artificial extra base pairs (unnatural base pairs,
UBPs) are opening the door to a new research area, xenobiology, and genetic alphabet …

While natural and synthetic N-nucleosides are vulnerable to enzymatic and acid-catalyzed
hydrolysis of the nucleosidic bond, their C-analogues are much more stable. Several C …

All biological information, since the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, has been
encoded by a genetic alphabet consisting of only four nucleotides that form two base pairs …

The branched DNA hybridization assay has been improved by the inclusion of the novel
nucleotides, isoC and isoG, in the amplification sequences to prevent non-specific …

Methods for the site-specific incorporation of extra components into nucleic acids can be
powerful tools for creating DNA and RNA molecules with increased functionality. We present …

Toward the expansion of the genetic alphabet of DNA, we present highly efficient unnatural
base pair systems as an artificial third base pair for PCR. Hydrophobic unnatural base pair …