Background: Open Access Editor's Choice Systematic Review Chromium in Water and
Carcinogenic Human Health Risk by Maria-Nefeli Georgaki 1, 2,*, Marianna Charalambous …

Chromium is a human carcinogen primarily by inhalation exposure in occupational settings.
Although lung cancer has been established as a consequence of hexavalent chromium …

Hayes' Principles and Methods of Toxicology has long been established as a reliable and
informative reference for the concepts, methodologies, and assessments integral to …

The covalent crosslinking of proteins to DNA presents a major physical challenge to the
DNA metabolic machinery. DNA–protein crosslinks (DPCs) are induced by a variety of …

There is an increasing interest for oxidatively generated complex lesions that are potentially
more detrimental than single oxidized nucleobases. In this survey, the recently available …

Each of us encounters hundreds of toxic agents everyday, without exposure and subsequent
absorption (uptake) however, there is no risk of injury. Thus, exposure assessment is one of …

DNA–protein crosslinks (DPC) involving all major histones are the dominant form of DNA
damage in formaldehyde-exposed cells. In order to understand the repair mechanisms for …

Formaldehyde (FA) is a genotoxic substance, induces tumors in the nasal epithelium of rats,
and is suspected to be a human carcinogen. As a primary DNA lesion, FA induces DNA …

Proteins that are covalently bound to DNA constitute a specific type of DNA lesion known as
DNA–protein crosslinks (DPCs). DPCs represent physical obstacles to the progression of …

The α, β-unsaturated aldehydes (enals) acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and trans-4-
hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) are products of endogenous lipid peroxidation, arising as a …