This paper reviews physical mechanisms, observation techniques and modelling
approaches dealing with surface currents on short time scales (hours to days) relevant for …

The fact that ocean currents must flow parallel to the coast leads to the dynamics of coastal
sea level being quite different from the dynamics in the open ocean. The coastal influence of …

Declining atmospheric CO2 concentrations are considered the primary driver for the
Cenozoic Greenhouse-Icehouse transition,~ 34 million years ago. A role for tectonically …

The geographical variability, frequency content, and vertical structure of near‐surface
oceanic kinetic energy (KE) are important for air‐sea interaction, marine ecosystems …

Mixing by mesoscale eddies profoundly impacts climate and ecosystems by redistributing
and storing dissolved tracers such as heat and carbon. Eddy mixing is parameterized in …

Abstract The Gent and McWilliams (1990, GM) tracer transport scheme has long been a
cornerstone of global-scale ocean modeling, and is well-known for its ability to mimic the …

The deformation radius is widely used as an indication of the eddy length scale at different
latitudes. The radius is usually calculated assuming a flat ocean bottom. However …

Mesoscale eddies modulate the stratification, mixing, tracer transport, and dissipation
pathways of oceanic flows over a wide range of spatiotemporal scales. The parameterization …

Although the surface eddy kinetic energy (EKE) has been well studied using satellite
altimeter and surface drifter observations, our knowledge of EKE in the ocean interior is …

The oceans are an important component of Earth's system and play a crucial role in climate
change through the coupled atmosphere–ocean process. Observations are fundamental for …