Trace metal elements are of vital importance for fundamental biological processes. They
function in various metabolic pathways after the long evolution of living organisms. Glucose …

Acetaminophen overuse is a common cause of acute liver failure (ALF). During ALF, toxins
are metabolized by enzymes such as CYP2E1 and transformed into reactive species …

Fungal infections continue to represent a major threat to public health, particularly with the
emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens. As part of the innate immune response …

Metals such as Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn are essential trace nutrients for all kingdoms of life,
including microbial pathogens and their hosts. During infection, the mammalian host …

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process vital for cellular stress
responses and maintaining equilibrium within the cell. Malfunctioning autophagy has been …

The mitochondrial retrograde signaling (RTG) pathway of communication from mitochondria
to the nucleus was first studied in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It rewires cellular …

Abstract Small proteins (< 50 amino acids) are emerging as ubiquitous and important
regulators in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans, where they commonly bind to and …

OLE RNA is a~ 600‐nucleotide noncoding RNA present in many Gram‐positive bacteria that
thrive mostly in extreme environments, including elevated temperature, salt, and pH …

Microorganisms rely on diverse ion transport and trace elements to sustain growth,
development, and secondary metabolism. Manganese (Mn2+) is essential for various …

Periodontitis is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease characterized by alveolar bone
resorption. Its progression is closely linked to oxidative stress where reactive oxygen …