In addition to their effects on sexual differentiation and reproduction, sex hormones appear
to influence the immune system. This results in a sexual dimorphism in the immune …

Neuropathic pain refers to a variety of chronic pain conditions with differing underlying
pathophysiologic mechanisms and origins. Recent studies indicate a communication …

Abstract Human coronavirus, hCoV-19, is highly pathogenic with severe pneumonia
associated with rapid virus replication. Arising in Wuhan China December 2019, the current …

The heart is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-producing organ. Both myocardial macrophages
and cardiac myocytes themselves synthesize TNF. Accumulating evidence indicates that …

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a member of the IL-6 cytokine family and is expressed in
almost every tissue type within the body. Although LIF was named for its ability to induce …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is involved in a variety of inflammatory disorders. Under stress
conditions, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) loses the homeostasis in its functions, which is …

Inflammation refers to a complex set of mechanisms by which tissues respond to injury and
infection. Among the many soluble mediators associated with this process, cytokines are …

Background Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, developed as promising anti-tumor
drugs, exhibit their anti-inflammatory properties due to their effects on reduction of …

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a secreted cytokine, plays an important role in a wide array
of biological processes including inducing differentiation of leukemia cell, inflammatory …

Cytokines are important mediators of cardiac disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that
members of the interleukin-6 family of cytokines promote cardiac hypertrophy through the …