RNA silencing is a homology-dependent gene inactivation mechanism that regulates a wide
range of biological processes including antiviral defense. To deal with host antiviral …

The evolution of land plants approximately 470 million years ago created a new adaptive
zone for natural enemies (attackers) of plants. In response to attack, plants evolved highly …

Plants synthesize jasmonates (JAs) in response to developmental cues or environmental
stresses, in order to coordinate plant growth, development or defense against pathogens …

Hormones are tuners of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are involved in
various complicated networks, through which they modulate responses to different stimuli …

The constant struggle between plants and microbes has driven the evolution of multiple
defense strategies in the host as well as offense strategies in the pathogen. To defend …

Epigenetic information, which may affect an organism's phenotype, can be stored and stably
inherited in the form of cytosine DNA methylation. Changes in DNA methylation can produce …

The health of the honeybee and, indirectly, global crop production are threatened by several
biotic and abiotic factors, which play a poorly defined role in the induction of widespread …

Aphids are amongst the most damaging pests of plants that use their stylets to penetrate the
plant tissue to consume large amounts of phloem sap and thus deprive the plant of …

Vector‐borne pathogens and parasites can induce changes in the phenotypes of their hosts
that influence the frequency and nature of host–vector interactions and hence transmission …

Phytohormone crosstalk is crucial for plant defenses against pathogens and insects in which
salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) play key roles. These low …