Clientelism is characterized by the combination of particularistic targeting and contingency-
based exchange. This method of contingent exchange thrives in both autocracies and …

Despite a sophisticated understanding of the impact of electoral institutions on macrolevel
political behavior, little is known about the relationship between these institutions and …

Among the many countries that underwent transitions to democracy in recent decades, only
Russia is as important to the United States and the world as Brazil. The fifth-largest country …

This book provides a framework for analyzing the impact of the separation of powers on
party politics. Conventional political science wisdom assumes that democracy is impossible …

Conventional wisdom suggests that partisanship has little impact on voter behavior in Brazil;
what matters most is pork-barreling, incumbent performance, and candidates' charisma. This …

This project started in the late 1990s with the simple observation that however compelling
and elegant, leading theories of federalism in economics and political science had little to do …

Why do some parties formed by social movements develop top-down structures while others
stay more open and responsive to their social bases? The first rigorous comparative study of …

The relationship between electoral systems and corruption in a large sample of
contemporary democratic nations is analysed in this article. Whereas previous studies have …

Millions of enfranchised people live in abject poverty in democracies around the world. Yet
in representative democracies, the success or failure of political parties rests on their ability …

We study how representation works in a context where accountability to voters is restricted
because of term limits and accountability to parties is limited because of party weakness …