Motivational processes underlie behaviors that enrich the human experience, and
impairments in motivation are commonly observed in psychiatric illness. While motivated …

Sex/gender effects have been demonstrated for multiple aspects of addiction, with one of the
most commonly cited examples being the “telesco** effect” where women meet criteria …

An enduring and richly elaborated dichotomy in cognitive neuroscience is that of reflective
versus reflexive decision making and choice. Other literatures refer to the two ends of what is …

Impulsivity and compulsivity represent useful conceptualizations that involve dissociable
cognitive functions, which are mediated by neuroanatomically and neurochemically distinct …

Habits are repetitive behaviors that become ingrained with practice, routine, and repetition.
The more we repeat an action, the stronger our habits become. Behavioral and clinical …

The reward prediction error (RPE) theory of dopamine (DA) function has enjoyed great
success in the neuroscience of learning and decision-making. This theory is derived from …

Compulsivity has been recently characterized as a manifestation of an imbalance between
the brain׳ s goal-directed and habit-learning systems. Habits are perhaps the most …

Substance dependence is characterized by compulsive drug-taking despite negative
consequences. Animal research suggests an underlying imbalance between goal-directed …

This focussed narrative review examines neurobiological and psychophysiological evidence
supporting a role for altered reward processes in the development and maintenance of …

The selection of actions, and the vigor with which they are executed, are influenced by the
affective valence of predicted outcomes. This interaction between action and valence …