Inspired by natural muscle, a key challenge in soft robotics is to develop self-contained
electrically driven soft actuators with high strain density. Various characteristics of existing …

Soft actuators can be classified into five categories: tendon-driven actuators, electroactive
polymers, shape-memory materials, soft fluidic actuators (SFAs), and hybrid actuators. The …

Conformable robotic systems are attractive for applications in which they may actuate
structures with large surface areas, provide forces through wearable garments, or enable …

Fiber–a primitive yet ubiquitous form of material–intertwines with our bodies and
surroundings, from constructing our fibrous muscles that enable our movement, to forming …

Pneumatic artificial muscles have been widely used in industry because of their simple and
relatively high-performance design. The emerging field of soft robotics has also been using …

Nature inspires engineers to build robots with soft and flexible materials. Advancements in
technology have opened doors for designing compliant and soft robots. Such robots find …

Nature has always inspired human achievements in industry, and biomimetics is
increasingly being applied in fluid power technology. Arachnida use hydraulic forces, rather …

Variable stiffness mechanisms establish a bridge between rigid, precise robots and soft,
compliant robots. In certain applications it is necessary to exert high forces while having …

In bioinspired soft robotics, very few studies have focused on fluidic transmissions and there
is an urgent need for translating fluidic concepts into realizable fluidic components to be …

The ability of a continuum arm is influenced by the performance of an actuator. Although
several extensible pneumatic actuators have been proposed in previous research …