Ripple is a payment system and a digital currency which evolved completely independently
of Bitcoin. Although Ripple holds the second highest market cap after Bitcoin, there are …

Blockchains have the potential to revolutionize markets and services. However, they
currently exhibit high latencies and fail to handle transaction loads comparable to those …

Permissionless blockchains protocols such as Bitcoin are inherently limited in transaction
throughput and latency. Current efforts to address this key issue focus on off-chain payment …

Path-based transaction (PBT) networks, which settle payments from one user to another via
a path of intermediaries, are a growing area of research. They overcome the scalability and …

Privacy in decentralized cryptocurrencies Page 1 78 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM |
JUNE 2018 | VOL. 61 | NO. 6 review articles IMA GE B Y ANDRIJ BOR YS A SSOCIA TE S/SHUTTERS …

Despite growing adoption of cryptocurrencies, making fast payments at scale remains a
challenge. Payment channel networks (PCNs) such as the Lightning Network have emerged …

Blockchains have the potential to revolutionize markets and services, yet, currently exhibit
high latencies and fail to handle loads comparable to those managed by traditional …

Credit networks model transitive trust (or credit) between users in a distributed environment
and have recently seen a rapid increase of popularity due to their flexible design and …

Current cryptocurrencies provide a heavily limited transaction throughput that is clearly
insufficient to cater their growing adoption. Payment-channel networks (PCNs) have …

With the growing usage of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, many scalability challenges
have emerged. A promising scaling solution, exemplified by the Lightning Network, uses a …