Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) detect pathogen
effectors to trigger immune responses. Indirect recognition of a pathogen effector by the …

Recombinant protein production in microbial hosts and animal cell cultures has
revolutionized the pharmaceutical and industrial enzyme industries. Plants as alternative …

Highly efficient and cost-effective transformation technologies are essential for studying
gene function in the major cereal crops, wheat and barley. Demand for efficient …

Crop breeding for resistance to pathogens largely relies on genes encoding receptors that
confer race-specific immunity. Here, we report the identification of the wheat Pm4 race …

Regulation of seed size is a key strategy for improving crop yield and is also a basic
biological question. However, the molecular mechanisms by which plants determine their …

Powdery mildew fungi are obligate biotrophic pathogens that only grow on living hosts and
cause damage in thousands of plant species. Despite their agronomical importance, little …

In plants, host–pathogen coevolution often manifests in reciprocal, adaptive genetic
changes through variations in host nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors …

Early detection of salt stress is vital for plant survival and growth. Still, the molecular
processes controlling early salt stress perception and signaling are not fully understood …

Plants optimize carbon assimilation while limiting water loss by adjusting stomatal aperture.
In grasses, a developmental innovation—the addition of subsidiary cells (SCs) flanking two …

Pm1a, the first powdery mildew resistance gene described in wheat, is part of a complex
resistance (R) gene cluster located in a distal region of chromosome 7AL that has …