Chemistry is often regarded as a difficult subject, an observation which sometimes repels
learners from continuing with studies in chemistry. This paper seeks to bring together the …

The science education literature of the 1980s and 1990s includes numerous studies of
secondary and tertiary students' understandings of scientific phenomena. These studies …

A 15-item two-tier multiple-choice diagnostic instrument was developed to evaluate
secondary students' ability to describe and explain seven types of chemical reactions using …

A sample of 100 students from junior high school physical science, high school chemistry,
and introductory college chemistry were examined for understanding of five chemistry …

Students' misconceptions before or after formal instruction have become a major concern
among researchers in science education because they influence how students learn new …

This manuscript (i) presents the Chemical Concepts Inventory (CCI), an inventory that faculty
can use to judge for themselves the extent of several common alternate conceptions among …

Modern chemistry concepts have the particulate nature of matter at their core. Chemists
explain most phenomena in terms of atomic and molecular models. The lack of …

The types of misconceptions related to electronegativity, bonding, geometry, and
microscopic representations that undergraduate chemistry majors hold is described. Fifty-six …

Promoting children's learning is a principal aim of schools. Assessment lies at the heart of
this process. It can provide a framework in which educational objectives may be set, and …

Secondary school, undergraduate, and graduate level learners' mental models of bonding in
ionic substances were explored using an interview protocol that involved the use of physical …