The analogy of mitochondria as powerhouses has expired. Mitochondria are living, dynamic,
maternally inherited, energy-transforming, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles that …

According to the endosymbiotic theory, most of the DNA of the original bacterial
endosymbiont has been lost or transferred to the nucleus, leaving a much smaller (∼ 16 kb …

Autoreactive B cells and interferons are central players in systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) pathogenesis. The partial success of drugs targeting these pathways, however …

The cGAS–STING signalling pathway has emerged as a key mediator of inflammation in the
settings of infection, cellular stress and tissue damage. Underlying this broad involvement of …

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a potent agonist of the innate immune system; however, the
exact immunostimulatory features of mtDNA and the kinetics of detection by cytosolic nucleic …

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes essential subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation
system, but is also a major damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that engages …

Various cellular stress conditions trigger mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release from
mitochondria into the cytosol. The released mtDNA is sensed by the cGAS-MITA/STING …

Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad spectrum antiviral factors that
inhibit the entry of a wide range of clinically important pathogens including influenza A virus …

Genomic and chromosomal instability are hallmarks of cancer and shape the genomic
composition of cancer cells, thereby determining their behavior and response to treatment …

Mitochondria, the cell's major energy producers, also act as signaling hubs, interacting with
other organelles both directly and indirectly. Despite having its own circular genome, the …