This paper reviews the mathematical basis of maximum likelihood. The likelihood function
for macromolecular structures is extended to include prior phase information and …

Since the process of building and refining a model of a biomacromolecule based on
crystallographic data is subjective, quality-control techniques are required to assess the …

This article describes the implementation of real-space refinement in the phenix.
real_space_refine program from the PHENIX suite. The use of a simplified refinement target …

Recent advances in the field of electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) have resulted in a rapidly
increasing number of atomic models of biomacromolecules that have been solved using this …

phenix. refine is a program within the PHENIX package that supports crystallographic
structure refinement against experimental data with a wide range of upper resolution limits …

This article describes the software suite GROMACS (Groningen MAchine for Chemical
Simulation) that was developed at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands, in the early …

This Meeting Review describes the proceedings and conclusions from the inaugural
meeting of the Electron Microscopy Validation Task Force organized by the Unified Data …

Cryoelectron microscopy of biological molecules is among the hottest growth areas in
biophysics and structural biology at present, and Frank is arguably the most distinguished …

A novel method to flexibly fit atomic structures into electron microscopy (EM) maps using
molecular dynamics simulations is presented. The simulations incorporate the EM data as …

During translation, a conserved GTPase elongation factor—EF-G in bacteria or eEF2 in
eukaryotes—translocates tRNA and mRNA through the ribosome. EF-G has been proposed …