To understand how transcription factors function, it is essential to determine the range of
genes that they each bind and regulate in vivo. Here I review evidence that most animal …

As early as the 1800s, the actions of estrogen have been implicated in the development and
progression of breast cancer. The estrogen receptor (ER) was identified in the late 1950s …

The mouse estrogen receptor was shown to be constantly shuttling between the nucleus
and cytoplasm although under steady-state conditions it is detected predomi-nantly in the …

Mixed antiestrogens, such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4HT), act as either partial agonists or
antagonists of estrogen receptor (ER) function in a tissue-, cell-, and promoter-specific …

Estrogen receptors (ERs α and β) enhance transcription in response to estrogens by binding
to estrogen response elements (EREs) within target genes and utilizing transactivation …

Phosphorylation provides an important mechanism by which transcription factor activity is
regulated. Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is phosphorylated on multiple sites, and stimulation of …

The action of nuclear hormone receptors is tripartite, involving the receptor, its ligands, and
its coregulator proteins. The estrogen receptor (ER), a member of this superfamily, is a …

The classical receptor for estradiol is a member of a super-family of nuclear receptors that
function as hormone-regulated transcription factors. The ability of the estrogen receptor (ER) …

The cloning of a novel estrogen receptor β (denoted ERβ) has recently been described
(Kuiper, GGJM, Enmark, E., Pelto-Huikko, M., Nilsson, S., and Gustafsson, JA.(1996) Proc …

We have studied the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ, and chimeric
constructs with ERα and ERβ to examine the bioactivities of these receptors and their …