A large scholarship currently holds that before the onset of anthropogenic global warming,
natural climatic changes long provoked subsistence crises and, occasionally, civilizational …

Radiocarbon dating uses the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon (14C) to measure time
and date objects containing carbon-bearing material. With a half-life of 5,700±30 years …

Volcanic eruptions contribute to climate variability, but quantifying these contributions has
been limited by inconsistencies in the timing of atmospheric volcanic aerosol loading …

Volcanic eruptions have long been studied for their wide range of climatic effects. Although
global-scale climatic impacts following the formation of stratospheric sulfate aerosol are well …

Abstract The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) affects climate and rainfall across the world, and
most severely in nations surrounding the Indian Ocean,,–. The frequency and intensity of …

The spatial context is critical when assessing present-day climate anomalies, attributing
them to potential forcings and making statements regarding their frequency and severity in a …

Climate field reconstructions from networks of tree-ring proxy data can be used to
characterize regional-scale climate changes, reveal spatial anomaly patterns associated …

Explosive volcanism can alter global climate, and hence trigger economic, political and
demographic change,. The climatic impact of the largest volcanic events has been assessed …

Abstract The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the major source of variability in winter
atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere, with large impacts on temperature …

The eruption of Samalas in Indonesia in 1257 ranks among the largest sulfur-rich eruptions
of the Common Era with sulfur deposition in ice cores reaching twice the volume of the …