The immune response holds a pivotal role in cardiovascular disease development. As
multifunctional cells of the innate immune system, macrophages play an essential role in …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for nearly half of all heart
failure cases and has a prevalence that is expected to rise with the growing ageing …

Background: The human heart primarily metabolizes fatty acids, and this decreases as
alternative fuel use rises in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Patients with …

Making a firm diagnosis of chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
remains a challenge. We recommend a new stepwise diagnostic process, the 'HFA–PEFF …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) affects half of all patients with heart
failure worldwide, is increasing in prevalence, confers substantial morbidity and mortality …

It has long been observed that heart failure (HF) is associated with measures of systemic
inflammation. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in our …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), a major public health problem that is
rising in prevalence, is associated with high morbidity and mortality and is considered to be …

Many patients with chest pain undergoing coronary angiography do not show significant
obstructive coronary lesions. A substantial proportion of these patients have abnormalities in …

The vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a protein that canonically
participates in the adhesion and transmigration of leukocytes to the interstitium during …

Diffuse myocardial fibrosis resulting from the excessive deposition of collagen fibres through
the entire myocardium is encountered in a number of chronic cardiac diseases. This lesion …