For many years, the dominant theoretical framework guiding research into the neural origins
of perceptual experience has been provided by hierarchical feedforward models, in which …

The term 'stress'–coined in 1936–has many definitions, but until now has lacked a
theoretical foundation. Here we present an information-theoretic approach–based on the …

We review a recent shift in conceptions of interoception and its relationship to hierarchical
inference in the brain. The notion of interoceptive inference means that bodily states are …

Intuition suggests that perception follows sensation and therefore bodily feelings originate in
the body. However, recent evidence goes against this logic: interoceptive experience may …

Large-scale intrinsic brain systems have been identified for exteroceptive senses (such as
sight, hearing and touch). We introduce an analogous system for representing sensations …

Research on predictive processing models has focused largely on two specific algorithmic
theories: Predictive Coding for perception and Active Inference for decision-making. While …

Predictive coding is possibly one of the most influential, comprehensive, and controversial
theories of neural function. While proponents praise its explanatory potential, critics object …

According to predictive-coding theory, cortical areas continuously generate and update
predictions of sensory inputs at different hierarchical levels and emit prediction errors when …

There is increasing evidence that the brain actively constructs action and perception using
past experience. In this paper, we propose that the direction of information flow along …

Highlights•Most of the brain's early computations can be performed in a non-conscious
mode.•Conscious perception results in an amplification, propagation and integration of brain …