The impact of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in molecular biology and drug discovery
has expanded dramatically in recent years. These simulations capture the behavior of …

INTRODUCTION The nine subtypes of mammalian voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels,
Nav1. 1 to Nav1. 9, are responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials in …

Chemical synthesis is a well‐established method for the preparation in the research
laboratory of multiple‐tens‐of‐milligram amounts of correctly folded, high purity protein …

In principle, the millisecond emission lifetimes of lanthanide chelates should enable their
ultrasensitive detection in biological systems by time-resolved optical microscopy. In …

Fluorescent compounds have become indispensable tools for imaging molecular activities
in the living cell. 4, 4-Difluoro-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) is currently one of …

The unique photophysical properties of lanthanides, such as europium, terbium, and
ytterbium, make them versatile molecular probes of biological systems. In particular, their …

Disulfide-rich animal venom peptides targeting either the voltage-sensing domain or the
pore domain of voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (NaV1. 7) have been widely studied as …

Voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channels underlie the initiation and propagation of action
potentials (APs). Rapid inactivation after NaV channel opening, known as open-state …

Key advances in single particle cryo-EM methods in the past decade have ushered in a
resolution revolution in modern biology. The structures of many ion channels and …

Eukaryotic voltage-gated sodium channels play key roles in physiology and are targets for
many toxins and medically important drugs. Physiology, pharmacology, and general …