Although considered an inactive state for centuries, sleep entails many active processes
occurring at the cellular, circuit and organismal levels. Over the last decade, several key …

Narcolepsy is a rare brain disorder that reflects a selective loss or dysfunction of orexin (also
known as hypocretin) neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is …

Sleep quality declines with age; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We
found that hyperexcitable hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt/OX) neurons drive sleep fragmentation …

Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

Highlights•Glutamatergic neurons in the parabrachial nucleus provide main ascending
arousal influence from the brainstem.•GABAergic neurons in the brainstem provide the main …

Narcolepsy | New England Journal of Medicine Skip to main content The New England Journal
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Narcolepsy is the most common neurological cause of chronic sleepiness. The discovery
about 20 years ago that narcolepsy is caused by selective loss of the neurons producing …

The development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) involves binge or heavy drinking to high
levels of intoxication that leads to compulsive intake, the loss of control in limiting intake, and …

Sleep is regulated by a homeostatic and a circadian process. Together these two processes
determine most aspects of sleep and related variables like sleepiness and alertness. The …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …