DNA methylation plays a vital role in epigenetic regulation in both plants and animals, and
typically occurs at the 5-carbon position of the cytosine pyrimidine ring within the CpG …

Highlights•We describe the most recent methods to study DNA from electrons to
chromosomes.•Methods were classified as: electronic, atomistic, coarse grained, and …

Cytosine can undergo modifications, forming 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and its oxidized
products 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5-fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine …

Determining the effect of DNA methylation on chromatin structure and function in higher
organisms is challenging due to the extreme complexity of epigenetic regulation. We studied …

Dnmt1 epigenetically propagates symmetrical CG methylation in many eukaryotes. Their
genomes are typically depleted of CG dinucleotides because of imperfect repair of …

Epigenetic information is available from contemporary organisms, but is difficult to track back
in evolutionary time. Here, we show that genome-wide epigenetic information can be …

Many anecdotal observations exist of a regulatory effect of DNA methylation on gene
expression. However, in general, the underlying mechanisms of this effect are poorly …

Epigenetic DNA modification impacts gene expression, but the underlying molecular
mechanisms are only partly understood. Adding a methyl group to a cytosine base locally …

In higher organisms, all cells share the same genome, but every cell expresses only a
limited and specific set of genes that defines the cell type. During cell division, not only the …

Phase separation of biological molecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, has garnered
widespread attention across many fields in recent years. For instance, liquid-liquid phase …