Hermaphrodites combine the male and female sex functions into a single individual, either
sequentially or simultaneously. This simple fact means that they exhibit both similarities and …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Abstract “Sex roles” are intuitively associated to stereotypic female and male sexual
strategies and in biology, the term “sex role” often relates to mating competition, mate choice …

Sex allocation is a crucial life-history parameter in all sexual organisms. Over the last
decades a body of evolutionary theory, sex allocation theory, was developed, which has …

Invertebrates are used extensively as model species to investigate neuro-endocrine
processes regulating behaviors, and many of these processes may be extrapolated to …

Sexual selection is often quantified using Bateman gradients, which represent sex-specific
regression slopes of reproductive success on mating success and thus describe the …

Sex allocation theory predicts the optimal allocation to male and female reproduction in
sexual organisms. In animals, most work on sex allocation has focused on species with …

Background The simultaneously hermaphroditic pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can mate in
the male and female role, but within one copulation only one sexual role is performed at a …

Intra-locus sexual conflict results when sex-specific selection pressures for a given trait act
against the intra-sexual genetic correlation for that trait. It has been found in a wide variety of …

Adamo SA, and Chase R. 1996. Dart shooting in helicid snails: An “honest” signal or an
instrument of manipulation? J. Theoret. Biol. 180: 77–80. Aide TM. 1986. The influence of …