Neuroimmunology is one of the fastest-growing fields in the life sciences, and for good
reason; it fills the gap between two principal systems of the organism, the nervous system …

The relationship between the conscious experience of physical symptoms and indicators of
objective physiological dysfunction is highly variable and depends on characteristics of the …

Placebo effects are beneficial effects that are attributable to the brain–mind responses to the
context in which a treatment is delivered rather than to the specific actions of the drug. They …

In Gut Feminism Elizabeth A. Wilson urges feminists to rethink their resistance to biological
and pharmaceutical data. Turning her attention to the gut and depression, she asks what …

Neuropathic pain can develop after nerve injury, when deleterious changes occur in injured
neurons and along nociceptive and descending modulatory pathways in the central nervous …

Modern medicine has progressed in parallel with the advancement of biochemistry,
anatomy, and physiology. By using the tools of modern medicine, the physician today can …

Evidence from behavioral and self-reported data suggests that the patients' beliefs and
expectations can shape both therapeutic and adverse effects of any given drug. We …

Despite its initial treatment as a nuisance variable, the placebo effect is now recognized as a
powerful determinant of health across many different diseases and encounters. This is in …

Placebo analgesia involves the endogenous opioid system, as administration of the opioid
antagonist naloxone decreases placebo analgesia. To investigate the opioidergic …

Negative expectations deriving from the clinical encounter can produce negative outcomes,
known as nocebo effects. Specifically, research on the nocebo effect indicates that …