Dopamine is a prototypical neuromodulator that controls circuit function through G protein-
coupled receptor signalling. Neuromodulators are volume transmitters, with release followed …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a range of motor symptoms. Besides the
cardinal symptoms (akinesia and bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity), PD patients show …

Objective Randomized clinical trials have shown that aerobic exercise attenuates motor
symptom progression in Parkinson's disease, but the underlying neural mechanisms are …

A growing number of research publications have illustrated the remarkable ability of the
brain to reorganize itself in response to various sensory experiences. A traditional view of …

In the long-term, with progression of the illness, Parkinson's disease dementia affects up to
90% of patients with Parkinson's disease. With increasing life expectancy in western …

Dopaminergic medications used in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease are
associated with motor and non-motor behavioural side-effects, such as dyskinesias and …

Brain dopamine (DA) has long been implicated in cognitive control processes, including
working memory. However, the precise role of DA in cognition is not well-understood, partly …

Although connections between cognitive deficits and age-associated brain differences have
been elucidated, relationships with motor performance are less well understood. Here, we …

Freezing of gait is a common and disabling symptom in patients with parkinsonism,
characterised by sudden and brief episodes of inability to produce effective forward …

Over the last decade and a half, reinforcement learning models have fostered an
increasingly sophisticated understanding of the functions of dopamine and cortico-basal …