The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …

Propranolol, a non-cardioselective β1, 2 blocker, is most commonly recognised for its
application in the therapy of various cardiovascular conditions, such as hypertension …

The paraventricular thalamus (PVT) is an interface for brain reward circuits, with input
signals arising from structures, such as prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus, that are …

Therapeutic interventions for disorders of fear and anxiety rely on behavioral approaches
that reduce pathological fear memories. For example, learning that threat-predictive stimuli …

Stress hormones influence the processing of fear, anxiety, and related memory mechanisms.
For example, they modulate consolidation and retrieval processes associated with …

Background Reconsolidation impairment using propranolol is a novel intervention for mental
disorders with an emotional memory at their core. In this systematic review and meta …

Standard fear extinction relies on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) to form a new
memory given the omission of threat. Using fMRI in humans, we investigated whether …

Fear extinction is the well-known process of fear reduction through repeated re-exposure to
a feared stimulus without the aversive outcome. The last two decades have witnessed a …

Background Posttraumatic stress disorder can develop after a traumatic event and results in
heightened, inappropriate fear and anxiety. Although approximately 8% of the US …

The adjustment of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors associated with emotional memories
is central to treating psychiatric disorders. Recent research, predominantly with laboratory …