Soil flooding creates composite and complex stress in plants known as either submergence
or waterlogging stress depending on the depth of the water table. In nature, these stresses …

Contents Summary 49 I. Introduction 49 II. Physiological and structural characteristics of
plant Ca2+‐permeable ion channels 50 III. Ca2+ extrusion systems 61 IV. Concluding …

Abstract Calcium (Ca2+) is a second messenger in plants growth and development, as well
as in stress responses. The transient elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration have been …

Highlights•Microbe perception by PRRs directly activates Ca 2+ channels/pumps and Ca 2+
influx.•Activated PRRs indirectly activate Ca 2+ channels/pumps via ROS or cNMP.•Elevated …

Roots are subjected to a range of abiotic stresses as they forage for water and nutrients.
Cytosolic free calcium is a common second messenger in the signaling of abiotic stress. In …

Elevation in the cytosolic free calcium is crucial for plant growth, development and
adaptation. Calcium influx into plant cells is mediated by Ca2+ depolarisation-activated …

Fluctuations in oxygen (O2) availability occur as a result of flooding, which is periodically
encountered by terrestrial plants. Plant respiration and mitochondrial energy generation rely …

Cation/proton exchangers (CAX s) are a class of secondary energised ion transporter that
are being implicated in an increasing range of cellular and physiological functions. CAX s …

Flooding represents a major threat to global agricultural productivity and food security, but
plants are capable of deploying a suite of adaptive responses that can lead to short‐or …

Calcium (Ca2+) serves as a ubiquitous second messenger by mediating various signaling
pathways and responding to numerous environmental conditions in eukaryotes. Therefore …