Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key signalling molecules that enable cells to rapidly
respond to different stimuli. In plants, ROS play a crucial role in abiotic and biotic stress …

Abiotic stresses and soil nutrient limitations are major environmental conditions that reduce
plant growth, productivity and quality. Plants have evolved mechanisms to perceive these …

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important phytohormone regulating plant growth, development,
and stress responses. It has an essential role in multiple physiological processes of plants …

Global food security for a growing population with finite resources is often challenged by
multiple, simultaneously occurring on-farm abiotic stresses (ie, drought, salinity, low and …

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a major reactive oxygen species in unicellular and
multicellular organisms, and is produced extracellularly in response to external stresses and …

Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water
transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land …

Plants grow and reproduce within a highly dynamic environment that can see abrupt
changes in conditions, such as light intensity, temperature, humidity, or interactions with …

Oxidative stress is a complex chemical and physiological phenomenon that accompanies
virtually all biotic and abiotic stresses in higher plants and develops as a result of …

Highlights•ABA triggers a robust signal network that controls stomatal closing.•Guard cell
ABA levels are controlled by biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport.•SnRK2s and CPKs are …

As plants are sessile organisms that have to attune their physiology and morphology
continuously to varying environmental challenges in order to survive and reproduce, they …