BACKGROUND Many key global sustainability challenges are closely intertwined
(examples are provided in the figure). These challenges include air pollution, biodiversity …

Sustainability science seeks to understand human–nature interactions behind sustainability
challenges, but has largely been place-based. Traditional sustainability efforts often solved …

Human-nature interactions are complex and have important implications for achieving
sustainable development goals and addressing other global challenges. Although …

Background Global policy initiatives and international conservation organizations have
sought to emphasize and strengthen the link between the conservation of natural …

The discipline of geography encompasses both natural and social sciences and has the
natural advantage of enabling the study of sustainability from a transdisciplinary perspective …

Utilizing common resources is always a dilemma for community members. While cooperator
players restrain themselves and consider the proper state of resources, defectors demand …

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is AI that can reason across a wide range of domains.
While most AI research and development (R&D) is on narrow AI, not AGI, there is some …

The relationships between biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services (ES) are
widely debated. However, it is still not clear how biodiversity conservation and ES interact …

Synergies and tradeoffs among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
within specific locations have been widely studied. However, there is little understanding of …

Social institutions often use rewards and penalties to promote cooperation. Providing
incentives tends to be costly, so it is important to find effective and efficient policies for the …