Over the past two decades, the development of methods for visualizing and analysing
specimens digitally, in three and even four dimensions, has transformed the study of living …

The colonisation of freshwater and marine ecosystems by land vertebrates has repeatedly
occurred in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals over the course of 300 million years …

The evolution of the mammalian jaw is one of the most important innovations in vertebrate
history, and underpins the exceptional radiation and diversification of mammals over the last …

The evolution of the mammalian jaw during the transition from non‐mammalian synapsids to
crown mammals is a key event in vertebrate history and characterised by the gradual …

Convergent evolution, the acquisition of morphologically similar traits in unrelated taxa due
to similar functional demands or environmental factors, is a common phenomenon in the …

The acquisition of elongated, sabre-like canines in multiple vertebrate clades during the last
265 Myr represents a remarkable example for convergent evolution. Due to striking …

Theropod dinosaurs underwent some of the most remarkable dietary changes in vertebrate
evolutionary history, shifting from ancestral carnivory 1–3 to hypercarnivory 4, 5 and …

The extinct nonavian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex, considered one of the hardest biting
animals ever, is often hypothesized to have exhibited cranial kinesis, or, mobility of cranial …

The morphology of the temporal region in the tetrapod skull traditionally has been a widely
discussed feature of vertebrate anatomy. The evolution of different temporal openings in …

Oviraptorosaurians are an unusual and probably herbivorous group of theropod dinosaurs
that evolved pneumatised crania with robust, toothless jaws, apparently adapted for …