Brain function critically relies on blood vessels to supply oxygen and nutrients, to establish a
barrier for neurotoxic substances, and to clear waste products. The archetypal vascular …

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss
of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a REDOX cofactor and metabolite essential for
neuronal survival. Glaucoma is a common neurodegenerative disease in which neuronal …

In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetes-related hyperglycemia directly
inhibits the AKT signaling pathway by increasing oxidative stress or inhibiting growth factor …

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess changes in the neural retina in eyes with
different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in comparison to age-matched healthy subjects …

The retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output cells of the retina into the brain. In
mammals, these cells are not able to regenerate their axons after optic nerve injury, leaving …

The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) is a tyrosine kinase receptor
for VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor (PlGF) ligands that is expressed in …

CREB3 family of transcription factors are ER localized proteins that belong to the bZIP
family. They are transported from the ER to the Golgi, cleaved by S1P and S2P proteases …

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) is the most prevalent choroidal
vascular disease, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) are the …

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) play a crucial role in the visual pathway. As their axons form
the optic nerve, apoptosis of these cells causes neurodegenerative vision loss. RGC death …