BACKGROUND Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are places in the ocean that receive
protection to safeguard biodiversity from abatable threats. Confusion exists about the …

Natural climate solutions are being advanced to arrest climate warming by protecting and
enhancing carbon capture and storage in plants, soils and sediments in ecosystems. These …

The biological pump transports organic matter, created by phytoplankton productivity in the
well-lit surface ocean, to the ocean's dark interior, where it is consumed by animals and …

The ocean holds vast quantities of carbon that it continually exchanges with the atmosphere
through the air-sea interface. Because of its enormous size and relatively rapid exchange of …

The ocean's biological carbon pump transfers carbon from the surface ocean to the deep
ocean by several distinct pathways, including gravitational settling of organic particles …

The two most urgent and interlinked environmental challenges humanity faces are climate
change and biodiversity loss. We are entering a pivotal decade for both the international …

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being promoted as an ocean-based climate
solution. However, such claims remain controversial because of the diffuse and poorly …

The transfer of organic carbon from the upper to the deep ocean by particulate export flux is
the starting point for the long-term storage of photosynthetically fixed carbon. This 'biological …

Transformative governance is key to addressing the global environmental crisis. We explore
how transformative governance of complex biodiversity–climate–society interactions can be …

The biomass and biogeochemical roles of fish in the ocean are ecologically important but
poorly known. Here, we use a data-constrained marine ecosystem model to provide a first …