Vastly stimulated by the discovery of opioid receptors in the early 1970s, preclinical and
clinical research was directed at the study of stereoselective neuronal actions of opioids …

Background Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is well documented in preclinical studies,
but findings of clinical studies are less consistent. The objective was to undertake a …

Now in its 7th edition, this popular, must-have text remains the only encyclopedic resource
for veterinary internal medical problems. The internationally acclaimed" gold standard" offers …

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has become a required element of clinical practice, but it is
critical for the healthcare community to understand the ongoing controversy surrounding …

Objectives: We aimed to examine the published literature on basic science explaining
pronociceptive opioid actions, and apply this knowledge to clinical observation. Methods …

Spinal proinflammatory cytokines are powerful pain-enhancing signals that contribute to
pain following peripheral nerve injury (neuropathic pain). Recently, one proinflammatory …

Within the past decade, there has been increasing recognition that glia are far more than
simply “housekeepers” for neurons. This review explores two recently recognized roles of …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Pain is a complex human trait. It is likely that the interaction of multiple genes, each with a
small individual effect, along with the effect of environmental factors, influences the clinical …

Narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS) is a subset of opioid bowel dysfunction that is characterized
by chronic or frequently recurring abdominal pain that worsens with continued or escalating …